Annals of Improbable Research
MARCH | APRIL 2009 (volume 15, number 2)
Special NAVEL LINT Issue
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Lots of Lint Studies
Steinhauser’s Lint
Okajima’s Lint Extractor...
Contents
The features marked with a star (*) are based entirely on material taken straight from standard research (and other Official and Therefore Always Correct) literature. Many of the other articles are genuine, too, but we don’t know which ones.
Special Section: Navel Lint Studies
6 Navel Lint Studies, Continued*— 8 Steinhauser’s Lint *— 10 The Okajima / Fujinami Navel Lint Invention*—
Improbable Research
12 The Coming and Going of Cello Scrotum*—14 The 374-Word Oath*—16 PubMed Goes to the Movies (Part 2)*—20 Body of Work: Guéguen and the Goad of Small Things*—
Improbable Research Reviews*
IFC May We Recommend*—4 Improbable Research Review*—5 Improbable Medical Review*—13 Life and De’Eath*—24 Boys Will Be Boys*— 28 Soft Is Hard*—
News & Notes
2 AIR Vents (letters from our readers)
3 Introducing Improbable TV
8 Improbable Research Editorial Board
15 Teachers’ Guide
23 AIR books
26 Puzzling Solutions—27 The 19th First Annual Ig Nobel Prize Ceremony
31 HMO-NO News: The Gluttony Diet!
31 Back Issues
32 CARTOON: “Curiouser and Curiouser”—IBC Unclassified Ads
On the Front Cover
The Okajima / Fujinami Navel Lint invention for removing navel lint. See “The Okajima / Fujinami Navel Lint Invention” on page 10.
An unidentified insect (called a “mooch bug” in the paperwork that came with the photo) on a pack of Chesterfield cigarettes. The photo is on file at the National Museum of Health and Medicine in Washington, D.C.
Coming Events
May 2 Cambridge (MA) Science Festival
May 4 and 6 Pittsburgh, PA
October 1 Ig Nobel Prize Ceremony
October 3 Ig Informal Lectures
Late October Genoa Science Festival
(see WWW.IMPROBABLE.COM for details of these and other events)
Every Day
Read something new and improbable every weekday on the Improbable Research blog, on our web site: www.improbable.com
May We Recommend
Items that merit a trip to the library
compiled by Stephen Drew, Improbable Research staff
Exercise Device for Smile-Related Muscles
“A Mechanically Aided Resistance Exercise Program for Sagging Facial Muscles,” Gary L. Grove, Stan W. Rimdzius, and Charles R. Zerweck, Journal of Geriatric Dermatology, vol. 2, no. 5, 1994, pp. 152–8. (Thanks to investigator Margo Bellini for bringing this to our attention.) The authors report:
We found that biomechanical extensibility had decreased which was quite consistent with the primary perception of the panelist that their facial skin had become firmer and more elastic.... The principle is employed widely in mechanically aided rehabilitation and physical fitness training (i.e., Nautilus machines).
AIR Vents
Exhalations from our readers
NOTE: The opinions expressed here represent the opinions of the authors and do not necessarily represent the opinions of those who hold other opinions.
Coca-Cola Contraceptive: Lesson Learned
I read with all too much interest Julia Robins’s letter (AIR Vents 15:1) about Dr. Deborah Anderson and the other doctors who did the research that won the 2008 Ig Nobel prize in chemistry. Robins said that Dr. Anderson said that “one of many reasons people should not use Coca-Cola as a contraceptive is that that ‘misplaced bottle caps can cause serious medical problems.’” Robins commented “Yikes. It made me realize that Coca-Cola doesn’t provide just a douche, they also give you a diaphragm. Which likely works about as well as the Coke douche.” Without going into detail, I tell you that I performed this experiment partially unwittingly when I was young and stupid. The results were as you would probably expect.
Alejandra Rojos
Madrid, Spain
A Man of His Words
Thank you for correcting the typographical error in the sixth paragraph, ninth word in your version of my informative letter (AIR Vents 14:7) about the book “Sued By a Nut.” Please be informed that I shall now probably not be forced to take further action pertaining this particular error.
D.R. Lange
Porphyry, Wales
Erno and the Hernia
Unearthing my great-great uncle Erno for the 50th anniversary of his death (we are planning a celebration), we discovered buried with him a cache of photographs that included this one. I am told that the United States government’s medical library and the Canadian government’s cultural repository both have copies of it, though I have never seen them. I believe that this photo shows my uncle filming the guts (as it were) of an historic hernia operation. I and my family would appreciate hearing from anyone who can supply further details, especially accurate ones.
Dr. Kurt Salloway
North Bay, Ontario, Canada
Mouthblown in China, Considered Afresh
I, for one, would be delighted to read whatever Ms. Junovsky has to write about her “exhilarating” adventures related to being “Mouthblown in China” (“Mouthblown in China, Further Considered,” AIR Vents 15:1). If it is any help to Ms. Junovsky, I recently saw a film—a documentary of sorts—with a title very similar to “Mouthblown in China” that I think she might find quite enlightening (I did). Unfortunately, I can no longer remember the exact title of the film, so this information may be of little help to her.
After pondering this difficulty, I believe I have hit upon a solution. I would like to propose a humble community research project that the readers of AIR could engage in, to help Ms. Junovsky in her investigations. What I suggest is just this: that we all go to our local video store and ask whether they have any movies about being “Mouthblown in China”. If we discover any videos that seem to be relevant, we shall watch them, and send on any relevant findings about being “Mouthblown in China” to Ms. Junovsky. Would a project of this sort interest her?
In any case, I look forward to reading of Ms. Junovsky’s latest discoveries with, may I say, more than a little excitement. I am soon going to be starting graduate school, and I can only hope (in what will doubtless strike many as the naive optimism of youth) that I will be able to investigate such phenomena as being “Mouthblown in China” in the course of my studies.
Ben Haller
Menlo Park, CA
USA
Maybe Mel, Pointedly
The famous Mel misidentification problem again tempted fate, and fate again did not resist. Thank you for publishing my series of letters (most recently in AIR Vents 15:1) and reproducing one of our new photographic treasures. The arrow stamped on the original image and now, I find, the corrective arrow that I applied and that you also reproduced, both of which I implied might be pointing to Mel, in fact do not. If, as we believe, Mel is in the crowd visible in the photograph, he is more likely to be at the position indicated in this newly corrected corrected (by hand, by me—not by my assistant Vasillia) image here. Please publish this revised version. I vow to take more care hereafter.
Lheal Chormnast
TRPNOF Archives
Moldavia
Of Shrews
Thank you for publishing G. Mortenson Acloque’s letter (AIR Vents 15:1) about the article “The Tasting of the Shrew” (AIR 14:5). It was delightfully brief.
Jun Paik, Ph.D.
Seoul, Korea
CORRECTION: About the Suit Nut
As a result of a legal settlement, my attorneys request that I request that you print a revised version of my letter that appeared in your January-February 2009 issue (which, by the way, arrived at my doorstep in March). Here is the revised version that I request. The revisions are in UPPERCASE LETTERS: “I am NOT outraged by your publication of D.R. Lange’s diatribe (AIR Vents 14:7) against my book “Sued By a Nut.” Lange says he is the subject not just of one of the stories in the book, but of all of them. As the book itself explains OR AS I INTENDED FOR IT TO EXPLAIN, I changed the names and circumstantial details in every story WITH ONE OR TWO EXCEPTIONS, for obvious reasons. Having been sued by SOMEONE WHOM OTHERS MISTAKENLY ACCUSED OF BEING a nut, I have no desire to be again sued by that MISTAKENLY ALLEGED nut or by any other THOUGHTFUL PERSON. I make it an ironclad rule not to discuss the identity of the nuts OR MISTAKENLY ALLEGED NUTS in the book, WITH RARE EXCEPTIONS. Therefore I will not comment on Mr. Lange’s DELIGHTFULLY wild, NOT untruthful, NOT entirely-concocted, ENTIRELY NOT vile, COMPLETELY NOT illogical, NOT IN THE LEAST irrational allegations nor will I in any other way address the SUPPOSEDLY ridiculous assertion that he is the nut or a nut in my book.” Thank you.
L.I. Balaboramin
Eastwont, NY
Introducing Improbable TV
We are pleased to introduce the Improbable Research TV series.
What: Three-minute videos about research that makes people laugh, then makes them think.
Where: On the web, at www.improbable.com and elsewhere.
Improbable Research Review
Improbable theories, experiments, and conclusions
compiled by Dirk Manley, Improbable Research staff
Shoe-Throwing at Weddings
“Shoe-Throwing at Weddings,” James E. Crombie, Folklore, vol. 6, no. 3, 1895, pp. 258–81.
Finnish Sauna Transitions (1996)
“Phase Transitions in Finnish Sauna,” Timo Vesala, in: Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, The Fourteenth International Conference on Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, edited by M. Kulmala and P.E. Wagner, 1996, Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 403–6. (Thanks to Anca Hienola for bringing this to our attention.) The author is at the University of Helsinki.
Finnish Sauna Surprise (2008)
“The Sauna—Revisited,” L.F.J. (Jo) Hermans and Timo Vesala, Europhysics, vol. 38, no. 6, 2008, p. 32, DOI:10.1051/epn:2007025. (Thanks to Anca Hienola for bringing this to our attention.) The authors explain:
Here is the surprise: The latent heat released in the condensation of water vapour onto the skin is an important mechanism - perhaps the most important one. The reason is that our skin is most probably the coldest place in the sauna, and the humidity can easily become 100% near the skin. That’s beautiful! We are used to thinking in terms of evaporation from our skin, not condensation. But the sauna is something special, and we should think beyond the conservative.
Approximate Reasoning on a Notoriously Hit-or-Miss Problem
“A Closer Look at the Russian Roulette Problem: A Re-examination of the Nonlinearity of the Prospect Theory’s Decision Weight π,” Li-Bo Li, Shu-Hong He, Shu Li, Jie-Hong Xu, Li-Lin Rao. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, article in press, DOI:10.1016/j.ijar.2008.10.004. (Thanks to Val Eklund for bringing this to our attention.) The authors, variously at the University of New South Wales, Australia, at Yunnan University, China, and at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, report:
Utilizing the Russian roulette problem as an exemplar, Kahneman and Tversky (1979) developed a weighting function π to explain that the Allais Paradox arises because people behave so as to maximize overall value rather than expected utility (EU).
We welcome your suggestions for this and other columns. Please enclose the full citation (no abbreviations!) and, if possible, a copy of the paper.
Improbable Medical Review
Improbable diagnoses, techniques, and research
compiled by Bertha Vanatian, Improbable Research staff
Shoe Removal Inquiry
“Do Overweight People Remove Their Shoes Before Being Weighed by a Doctor? Consecutive Study of Patients in General Practice,” Timothy Harlow, British Medical Journal, 1997, vol. 315, p. 1663. The author, at rhe College Surgery, Cullompton, Devon, U.K., reports:
Casual observation and discussion with colleagues led me to the hypothesis that patients who are overweight tend to remove their shoes before being weighed by their doctor. I thought that this action was probably an attempt to reduce the reading on the scales. I tested this hypothesis by measuring the body mass index of patients who needed to be weighed as part of their management and noting whether they removed their shoes unprompted. To my knowledge, no such study has previously been performed.
Lots and Lots and Lots and Lots and Lots of Pot
“Heavy Marijuana Users Show Increased Serum Apolipo-protein C-III Levels: Evidence from Proteomic Analyses,” S. Jayanthi, S. Buie, S. Moore, R.I. Herning, W. Better, N.M. Wilson, C. Contoreggi, and JL Cadet, Molecular Psychiatry, May 13, 2008 [Epub ahead of print], DOI:10.1038/ mp.2008.50. (Thanks to Scott Langill for bringing this to our attention.) The authors, at NIH in Baltimore, Maryland, mention, in the middle of the report, that:
The heavy users smoked the equivalent of 130.8±73.0 joints per week.
The Effect of Spearmint on Hairiness
“Effect of Spearmint (Mentha spicata Labiatae) Teas on Androgen Levels in Women with Hirsutism,” Mehmet Akdoan, Mehmet Numan Tamer, Erkan Cüre, Medine Cumhur Cüre, Banu Kale Körolu, and Namik Deliba, Phytotherapy Research, February 20, 2007 [Epub ahead of print]. (Thanks to Eartha Lobdel for bringing this to our attention.) The authors, at Suleyman Demirel University in Isparta, Turkey, explain that:
This is the first ever study to test the antiandrogenic activity of spearmint in women with hirsutism.
MEDICAL: Chew Finds the Fork
“Removal of a Dinner Fork From the Stomach by Double-Snare Endoscopic Extraction,” P.T. Yong, C.H. Teh, M. Look, S.B. Wee, J.C. Tan, S.P. Chew, and C.H. Low, Hong Kong Medical Journal, vol. 6, no. 3, September 2000, pp. 319–21. (Thanks to Doug Altman for bringing this to our attention.)
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| A navel lint specimen studied by Karl Kruszelnicki. |
Navel Lint Studies, Continued
It is extremely gratifying to see a newcomer—Georg Steinhauser of Vienna University of Technology—enrich the slowly growing field of belly button lint studies [as described in the article “Steinhauser’s Lint” elsewhere in this issue].
My introduction to the field began innocently with a “simple” question on my Triple J Science Talkback radio show (Thursdays, 11:00–12:00 Australian Eastern Standard Time), way back in 2000. The caller asked, “Why is my belly button fluff blue—and why do I get it, anyhow?” This was a real question, which deserved a real answer. I didn’t have that answer, so I went looking. I found that the British Medical Association News Review posed this very question to its readers, and then Tim Albert published their answers about belly button fluff (BBF) on p. 17 of the August 1984 issue in an article called “Blue Jokes—Readers probe the mysteries of the navel.”
Michael Biesecker also discussed belly button fluff in the 19 April 1995 issue of Technician. His theory was similar to Tim Albert’s: the process involves fibers leaving the clothes and being funneled to the belly, where they coalesce into balls of lint.
So when, in 2001, I was asked the same question again, I was able to quote the fruits of my labor. But this was all hypothesis, with no experimentation or survey.
I was shamed into action by Doug, from the Soft Bottom Inshore Fish Habitats Research Team.
After shaving a 10 cm radius around his navel , Doug suddenly stopped generating BBF. As his belly hair regrew, the BBF reappeared in his navel.
He also noticed that the BBF was usually the color of the underwear below his waist, and not that of his upper body clothing. Perhaps, he suddenly thought, the BBF was being channeled by a “hair highway” (also known as a “snail trail”) running upward from his pubic hair to his belly button. This was a reasonable guess. Doug tested this hypothesis by shaving off part of his snail trail, in a horizontal band across his lower abdomen (not around his navel, as before). This effectively created a hair-free roadblock. Again, the BBF suddenly stopped.
Inspired by Doug’s personal research, we set up a BBF survey on my webpage. Over the course of two months, 5,000 people responded (see results at http://www.abc.net.au/science/k2/lint/).
We found that the average generator of BBF was the slightly overweight, middle-aged male, though skinny young females could get it if they wore tight T-shirts.
Washing machines made a difference. Front loaders are more gentle on your clothes than top loaders—and sure enough, when people swapped their old top loaders for front loaders, the BBF was reduced or eliminated.
We examined samples from many people with the light microscope. Then, following the very important rule that anything, no matter how boring, looks interesting under the electron microscope, we used an electron microscope. BBF, we saw clearly, was made from fibers of clothing, dead skin cells and other skin debris.
When I was awarded the 2002 Ig Nobel Prize, the organizers showed so much respect for our work that I was flown to Harvard at my own expense. I welcome Dr. Steinhauser to this rich field, and wish him good fortune.
AIR Teachers’ Guide
Three out of five teachers agree: curiosity is a dangerous thing, especially in students. If you are one of the other two teachers, AIR and mini-AIR can be powerful tools. Choose your favorite hAIR-raising article and give copies to your students. The approach is simple. The scientist thinks that he (or she, or whatever), of all people, has discovered something about how the universe behaves. So:
• Is this scientist right—and what does “right” mean, anyway?
• Can you think of even one different explanation that works as well or better?
• Did the test really, really, truly, unquestionably, completely test what the author thought he was testing?
• Is the scientist ruthlessly honest with himself about how well his idea explains everything, or could he be suffering from wishful thinking?
• Some people might say this is foolish. Should you take their word for it?
• Other people might say this is absolutely correct and important. Should you take their word for it?
Kids are naturally good scientists. Help them stay that way.
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| Detail from Steinhauser’s study. |
Steinhauser’s Lint
The year 2009 has (so far) seen two papers published on the topic of navel lint. One of them, by the Austrian chemist Georg Steinhauser, has been greeted by some scholars as the largest advance in the field since the Ig Nobel Prize winning work of the Australian physicist Karl Kruszelnicki early in the decade [described in “Navel Lint Studies, Continued,” elsewhere in this issue].
Lint in Austria
“The Nature of Navel Fluff,” Georg Steinhauser, Medical Hypotheses, 2009 (Epub before print), DOI:10.1016/j.mehy.2009.01.015. (Thanks to Linda Sohl for bringing this to our attention.) The author, at Vienna University of Technology, Atominstitut der Österreichischen Universitäten, Vienna, Austria, reports:
The hypothesis presented herein says that abdominal hair is mainly responsible for the accumulation of navel lint, which, therefore, this is a typically male phenomenon. The abdominal hair collects fibers from cotton shirts and directs them into the navel where they are compacted to a felt-like matter. The most abundant individual mass of a piece of lint was found to be between 1.20 and 1.29 mg. However, due to several much larger pieces, the average mass was 1.82 mg in this three year study. When the abdominal hair is shaved, no more lint is collected. Old T-shirts or dress shirts produce less navel fuzz than brand new T-shirts. Using elemental analysis, it could be shown that cotton lint contains a certain amount of foreign material, supposedly cutaneous scales, fat or proteins. Incidentally, lint might thus fulfill a cleaning function for the navel.
Lint in Japan
“Lint in the Belly Button,” M. Kikuchi and K. Yano, Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, vol. 62, no. 2, February 2009, pp. 282–3. The authors are at the Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine in Japan.
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| Technical detail of Okajima and Fujinami’s navel cavity opener for stretching and opening a navel cavity so as to allow the above body cavity cleansing agent to be poured into the navel cavity. |
The Okajima/Fujinami Navel Lint Invention
The industrial revolution may have contributed to an increase in navel lint production,1 but inventors have created few truly new tools for bellybutton lint removal. That changed, slightly, in 2007.
A patent application (US #2007/0041923) filed by Takao Okajima and Susumu Fujinami is titled “Body recessed portion cleaning agent.” It describes:
A body cavity cleansing agent which is either poured into or applied to a navel cavity or an ear hole, solidifies after a specified period of time and takes a form that can be removed from said navel cavity or said ear hole together with dirt in said navel cavity or said ear hole...
The inventors wax nearly lyrical:
The present invention also provides a navel cavity opener for stretching and opening a navel cavity so as to allow the above body cavity cleansing agent to be poured into the navel cavity, including a tubular part, a flange formed such as to extend from an outer circumferential surface of the tubular part, and a plurality of fins extending from the outer circumferential surface of the tubular part at a predetermined interval, wherein the tubular part is provided with a cleansing agent injection port at an upper end thereof, a cleansing agent discharge port that communicates with the cleansing agent injection port is provided on a lower end side of the tubular part relative to the flange, and the fins extend from the lower end of the tubular part toward the flange such that their height from the tubular part increases gradually.
Okajima and Fujinami express confidence in their invention:
By thus performing the bellybutton cleansing in the mode shown through FIG. 3(a) to FIG. 3(rf) and FIG. 4(a) to FIG. 4(e) using the body cavity cleansing agent 1 of the present embodiment, the bellybutton lint D is readily removed from the navel cavity N.
They also celebrate the relative safety their invention provides for the person whose bellybutton is laden with undesired lint:
In this process, there is no risk that the inner surface of the navel cavity N is hurt or a stimulus is given to the abdominal membrane as compared with the case where the bellybutton is scratched with a fingernail or scraped with a swab. By using the above-described opener 3, the opening of a navel cavity N that is not fully opened can be stretched and opened, and thus facilitating the pouring of the composition 1 thereinto. Also, the opener 3 makes the removal process easier, as the composition 1 accompanied by the bellybutton lint D can be removed from the navel cavity N together with the opener 3 by removing the opener 3 from the navel cavity N after the composition 1 has solidified. Moreover, as the bellybutton lint D is removed together with the composition 1, the removal effect is clearly visible, which gives a feeling of the effect of the cleansing process. If the navel cavity is primarily opened enough to allow the body cavity cleansing agent to be poured in, the composition may be directly poured into the navel cavity without using the opener.
Notes
1. The presumed lint increase is presumably linked to the presumed proliferation of clothing production machinery and the burgeoning availability of inexpensive clothing.
The Coming and Going of Cello Scrotum
A look at a transitory medical concept
by Alice Shirrell Kaswell, Improbable Research staff
The years 1974–2009 saw the inspiration, birth, and death of a medical ailment that puzzled some physicians, inspired others, and perhaps made no impact upon most. Its history played out in the pages of several medical journals. Here are glimpses at the most pertinent chapters.
Hello, Guitar Nipple
“Guitar Nipple,” P. Curtis, British Medical Journal, April 27, 1974, p. 226. The author, in Winchester, UK explains:
I have recently seen three patients with traumatic mastitis of one breast. These were all girls aged between 8 and 10 and the mastitis consisted of a slightly inflamed cystic swelling about the base of the nipple. Questioning revealed that all three were learning to play the classical guitar, which requires close attention to the position of the instrument in relation to the body. In each case a full-sized guitar was used and the edge of the soundbox pressed against the nipple. Two of the patients were right-handed and consequently had a right-sided mastitis while the third was left-handed with a left-sided mastitis. When the guitar playing was stopped the mastitis subsided spontaneously.
Hello, Cello Scrotum
“Cello Scrotum,” J.M. Murphy, British Medical Journal, May 11, 1974, p. 335. The author, in Chalford, Gloucester, U.K., explains:
Though I have not come across ‘guitar nipple’ as reported by Dr. P. Curtis (27 April, p. 226), I did once come across a case of ‘cello scrotum’ caused by irritation from the body of the cello. The patient in question was a professional musician and played in rehearsal, practice, or concert for several hours each day.
Cello Scrotum Questioned
“’Cello Scrotum’ Questioned,” Philip E. Shapiro, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, vol. 24, no. 4, April 1991, p. 665. The author, at Yale University, explains:
I question the accuracy of the information under the designation of “cello scrotum.” The authors cite just one case, which is not their own. That case consists of a brief (9-line) letter to the editor in which the author states that a professional cellist had “cello scrotum” caused by “irritation from the body of the cello.” I find this a bit puzzling. When the cello is held in typical playing position, the body of the instrument is not near the scrotum. Contact of the body of the cello with the scrotum would require an extremely awkward playing position, which I have never seen a playing cellist assume.
Goodbye, Cello Scrotum
“Cello Scrotum Confession,” Elaine Murphy and John M. Murphy, British Medical Journal, January 27, 2009, p. 288. (Thanks to Caroline Richmond and Kenneth Mackenzie for bringing this to our attention.) The authors, the former at the House of Lords in London, the latter at St Peter’s Brewery in Bungay, Suffolk, U.K., explain:
Perhaps after 34 years it’s time for us to confess that we invented cello scrotum. Reading Curtis’s 1974 letter to the BMJ on guitar nipple, we thought it highly likely to be a spoof and decided to go one further by submitting a letter pretending to have noted a similar phenomenon in cellists, signed by the non-doctor one of us (JMM). Anyone who has ever watched a cello being played would realise the physical impossibility of our claim.
Somewhat to our astonishment, the letter was published. The following Christmas we sent a card to Dr Curtis of guitar nipple fame, only to discover that he knew nothing about it—another joke we suspect. We have been dining out on this story ever since. We were thrilled once more to be quoted in [your recent article] “A symphony of maladies.”
Life and De’Ath
Another glimpse at the life work of researchers named De’Ath
compiled by Stephen Drew, Improbable Research staff
A Preventive Approach to Family Life
“A Preventive Approach to Family Life—The Role of the Health Visitor,” E. De’Ath, Health Visitor [NOTE: the journal later changed its name to Community Practitioner], vol. 55, no. 6, June 1982, pp. 282–4. (Thanks to Tom Kleepsies for bringing this to our attention.)
The 374-Word Oath
What is the lengthiest spoken oath regularly required of witnesses in a formal legal trial? I believe the answer is: 374 words, in the legal courts of Burma (now Myanmar), until at least the middle of the nineteenth century.
That, anyway, is the longest I have found in examining legal documents and historical reports from the nations of the world over the past five hundred years. If anyone knows of, and can document, a longer oath, I would of course be pleased to hear of it.
The Burmese Oath
A English translation of the oath appears in Kenneth R.H. Mackenzie’s 1853 book Burmah and the Burmese, published in London. Mackenzie writes:
Witnesses, both in the civil and criminal causes, are sometimes examined upon oath, though not always. The oath is written in a small book of pa1m-leaves, and is held over the head of the witness. Foreigners, however, take their own oaths.
Mackenzie calls the small book The Book of Imprecations, but says that “the Burmese call it, the Book of the Oath.” It includes some sentiments for any witness who would testify untruthfully:
May all those who, in consequence of bribery from either party, do not speak the truth, incur the eight dangers and the ten punishments. May they be infected with all sorts of diseases.
Moreover, may they be destroyed by elephants, bitten and slain by serpents, killed and devoured by the devils and giants, the tigers, and other ferocious animals of the forest. May whoever asserts a falsehood be swallowed by the earth, may he perish by sudden death, may a thunderbolt from heaven slay him—the thunderbolt which is one of the arms of the Nat Deva.
May false witnesses die of bad diseases, be bitten by crocodiles, be drowned. May they become poor, hated of the king. May they have calumniating enemies, may they be driven away, may they become utterly wretched, may every one ill-treat them, and raise lawsuits against them. May they be killed with swords, lances, and every sort of weapon. May they be precipitated into the eight great hells and the 120 smaller ones. May they be tormented. May they be changed into dogs. And, if finally they become men, may they be slaves a thousand and ten thousand times. May all their undertakings, thoughts, and desires, ever remain as worthless as a heap of cotton burnt by the fire.
When it comes time for the witness to speak, says Mackenzie, “The book of the oath is held over the deponent’s head, and he says:”
I will speak the truth. If I speak not the truth, may it be through the influence of the laws of demerit, viz., passion, anger, folly, pride, false opinion, immodesty, hard heartedness, and scepticism, so that when I and my relations are on land, land animals, as tigers, elephants, buffaloes, poisonous serpents, scorpions, &c., shall seize, crush, and bite us, so that we shall certainly die. Let the calamities occasioned by fire, water, rulers, thieves, and enemies oppress and destroy us, till we perish and come to utter destruction. Let us be subject to all the calamities that are within the body, and all that axe without the body. May we be seized with madness, dumbness, blindness, deafness, leprosy, and hydrophobia. May we be struck with thunderbolts and lightning, and come to sudden death. In the midst of not speaking truth may I be taken with vomiting clotted black blood, and suddenly die before the assembled people. When I am going by water, may the water Nats assault me, the boat be upset, and the property lost; and may alligators, porpoises, sharks, or other sea monsters, seize and crush me to death; and when I change worlds, may I not arrive among men or Nats, but suffer unmixed punishment and regret, in the utmost wretchedness, among the four states of punishment, Hell, Prita, Beasts, and Athurakai.
If I speak the truth, may I and my relations, through the influence of the ten laws of merit, and on account of the efficacy of truth, be freed from all calamities within and without the body; and may evils which have not yet come, be warded far away. May the ten calamities and five enemies also be kept faraway. May the thunderbolts and lightning, the Nat of the waters, and all sea anima1s, love me, that I may be safe from them. May my prosperity increase like the rising sun and the waxing moon; and may the seven possessions, the seven laws, and the seven [merits of the virtuous, be permanent in my person; and when I change worlds, may I not go to the four states of punishment, but attain the happiness of men and Nats, and realize merit, reward, and perfect calm.1
After the concluding thoughts of hope and cheer, the witness, if he is still alive and not seized with madness, dumbness, blindness, deafness, leprosy, and hydrophobia, testifies.
Note
1. Mackenzie goes on to say: “The last term requires explanation. It is the Buddhistic state of extreme delight, called nib’han, or nieban.”
Reference
Burmah and the Burmese, Kenneth R.H. Mackenzie, Geo. Routledge & Co., London, 1853.
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PubMed Goes to the Movies (Part 2)
Why see the film when you can read the article?
by Robert E. Pyatt Ph.D.
Assistant Laboratory Director
Nationwide Children’s Hospital
Columbus, Ohio
This is the second part of a comparison of classic films and science articles that share the same name. Part 1 appeared in AIR 14-5.
The movie facts come from the Internet Movie Database (www.IMDB.com). Information about the science articles comes from the U.S. National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/).
Live and Let Die (1973)
Starring Roger Moore, Jane Seymour, and David Hedison. Directed by Guy Hamilton.
Operating with a license to kill, James Bond is recruited to stop a global takeover by the drug lord Kananga with the help of CIA agent Felix Leiter, the virgin fortune teller Solitaire and a little voodoo witchcraft.
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Live and Let Die
Live and Let Die: in vivo Selection of Gene-Modified Hematopoietic Stem Cells Via MGMT-Mediated Chemoprotection”
M.D. Milsom and D.A. Williams, DNA Repair, vol. 6, no. 8, August 2007, pp. 1210–21. Operating with a license to differentiate, hematopoietic stem cells are recruited to stop a global takeover by invasive, malignant tumors with the help of MGMT mediated selection, vector transduction and a little voodoo witchcraft.
Quest for Fire (1981)
Starring Ron Perlman and Rae Dawn Chong. Directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud.
On a journey to discover a source of fire for their village, a group of prehistoric hunters encounter saber-tooth tigers, mammoths and cannibals. If they do find the source, can they tame the oxidation-reduction reaction and build a society?
Quest for Fire
“Quest for Fire: Seeking the Source of Pathologic Oxygen Radicals in Atherosclerosis”
D. Schultz and D.G. Harrison, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 20, no. 6, June 2000, pp. 1412–13.
On a journey to discover the source of reactive oxygen species (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals) in the narrowing of blood vessels, a group of scientists encounter macrophages, endothelial cells and lipoproteins in the vessel walls. If they do find the source, can they tame the oxidation reactions and build a treatment?
An Affair to Remember (1957)
Starring Cary Grant and Deborah Kerr. Directed by Leo McCarey.
A playboy (Grant) and a singer (Kerr) meet and romance on a cruise from Europe to New York. Despite both being involved with other people, they agree to meet on the 102nd floor of the Empire State Building in six months.
An Affair to Remember
“An Affair to Remember”
L. Jerrold, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, vol. 119, no. 2, March 2001, pp. 327–9.
A study on the the risk management of affairs between physicians and their patients. A steamy romance between a patient and her doctor results in a lawsuit once the relationship comes crashing to an end. She claims that because of the physical nature of their torrid, sexual affair, she was unable to understand the information explained when informed consent was obtained before her lover operated on her.
An Inconvenient Truth (2006)
Narrated by Al Gore. Directed by Davis Guggenheim.
Oscarwinning documentary on the science and politics of global warming. Gore warns, “It is now clear that we face a deepening global climate crisis that requires us to act boldly, quickly, and wisely.”
An Inconvenient Truth
“An Inconvenient Truth”
D. Spence, British Medical Journal, vol. 335, no. 7619, September 2007, p.566.
Commentary by Dr. Spence on the loss of our food culture. Meals have become more about convenience than quality and Dr. Spence recommends that we “reconnect with food production. Children should learn to do something with knives… Let them cut their fingers and burn their hands.”
Shakespeare in Love (1998)
Starring Gwyneth Paltrow, Joseph Fiennes, and Judy Dench. Directed by John Madden.
A tale of the bard as a struggling cad
with no money, no fame, no hit play.
His object of love, be it woman or lad
led the Weinsteins to Oscar Sunday.
Shakespeare in Love
“Shakespeare in Love—with NMDA receptors?”
S.A. Lipton and N. Nakanishi, Nature Medicine, vol. 5, no. 3, March 1999, pp. 270–1.
NMDA receptors, the guards of the brain
Conservation from us to protozoa
Neuronal cell growth is their primary domain
But no more Shakespeare than “Rocky Balboa.”
Eyes Wide Shut (1999)
Starring Tom Cruise, Nicole Kidman, and Sydney Pollack. Directed by Stanley Kubrick.
A physician’s (Cruise) exploration of his sexual fantasies grows increasingly more dangerous and obsessive after his wife (Kidman) confesses her own sexual desires for a stranger at a party. “A meditation on sexuality and how it relates to marriage, death and money.”
Eyes Wide Shut
“Eyes Wide Shut”
R. Lambert, M. Jeannerod, and J.F. Rey, Endoscopy, vol. 36, no. 8, August 2004 , pp. 723–5.
A meditation on “the secondary prevention of cancer in the digestive mucosa... based on the detection of premalignant and early malignant lesions.” Similar to the film, but not so much sex.
Body of Work: Guéguen and the Goad of Small Things
Savoring the colorful research of an under-publicized researcher
compiled by Alice Shirrell Kaswell and Stephen Drew
This issue’s under-publicized scientist is Nicolas Guéguen, who finds significance, or at least fascination, in the goad of small things. He does what might be called voyeuristic microscopy, watching how people react to mundanely noticeable sights and sounds and touching. Many of the experiments involve young female confederates who are shaped or perfumed or who lay a hand upon strangers in particular ways. Generally, the test subjects who respond most vigorously are men.
Based at the University of Bretagne-Sud, France, Professor Guéguen has been pumping out publications since the year 2000. He honors the academic custom of referring to himself, in print, with the royal “we.”
His experiments probe a range of human behavior.
A study called “Women’s Bust Size and Men’s Courtship Solicitation,” 1 describes how Professor Guéguen tested “the effect of a woman’s breast size on approaches made by males. We hypothesized that an increase in breast size would be associated with an increase in approaches by men.” The study ends with an 827-word assertion that “Our hypothesis was confirmed.”
A related experiment produced a study called “Women’s Bust Size and Men’s Courtship Solicitation.”2 There Professor Guéguen reports that “1200 male and female French motorists were tested in a hitchhiking situation. A 20-year-old female confederate wore a bra which permitted variation in the size of cup to vary her breast size. She stood by the side of a road frequented by hitchhikers and held out her thumb to catch a ride. Increasing the bra-size of the female hitchhiker was significantly associated with an increase in number of male drivers, but not female drivers, who stopped to offer a ride.”
An earlier study called “The Effect of Touch on Tipping: An Evaluation in a French Bar,”3 aimed to fill a very specific gap in psychologists’ knowledge of human behavior. The study explains: “Although positive effect of touch on restaurant’s tipping has been widely found in the literature, no evaluation was made outside the United States of America and in a bar. An experiment was carried out in a French bar. A waitress briefly touched (or not) the forearm of a patron when asking him/her what he/she want to drink. Results show that touch increases tipping behavior although giving a tip to a waitress in a bar is unusual in France.” Professor Guéguen has pursued related questions, some involving smiles, upon which he reports in additional studies.
“The Effect of Perfume on Prosocial Behavior of Pedestrians”4 is representative of several Guéguen investigations of how people respond to the presence and actions of a heavily perfumed woman. In this one, the fragranced woman walks in front of strangers and “drops a packet of paper handkerchiefs or a glove apparently without noticing.”
In these and other forays, Professor Guéguen probes and ponders the human condition.
References
1. “Women’s Bust Size and Men’s Courtship Solicitation,” Nicolas Guéguen, Body Image, vol 4, no. 4, December 2007, pp. 386–90. (Thanks to Charles Oppenheim for bringing this to our attention.)
2. “Bust Size and Hitchhiking: A Field Study,” Nicolas Guéguen, Perceptual and Motor Skills, vol. 105, no. 3, part 2, December 2007, pp. 1294–8. (Thanks to James Randerson for bringing this to our attention.):
3. “The Effect of Touch on Tipping: An Evaluation in a French Bar,” Nicolas Guéguen and Celine Jacob, International Journal of Hospitality Management, vol. 24, no. 2, 2005, pp. 295–9.
4. “The Effect of Perfume on Prosocial Behavior of Pedestrians,” Nicolas Guéguen, Psychological Reports, vol. 88, 2001, pp. 1046-8.
“Hitchhikers’ Smiles and Receipt of Help,” N. Guéguen and J. Fischer-Lokou, Psychological Reports, vol. 94, no. 3, June 2004, pp. 756–60. Investigators at the Universite de Bretagne-Sud, Vannes, France found that:
The positive association of smiling on helping behavior is well established in social psychology. Nevertheless, no study was found for the effect of smiling on hitchhiking success. An experiment was carried out in France where hitchhiking is a legal and common practice. Four confederates, 2 young men and 2 young women, selected for their “average attractiveness” hitchhiked, signaled to 800 (503 men and 297 women) motorists driving along the road on a peninsula. In half of the cases, the confederate smiled at the motorist. Analysis showed that, when hitchhiking women were smiling, motorists stopped more frequently but not when hitchhikers were men. Also, in all conditions, motorists who stopped were male.
Professor Guéguen’s fine-grained investigation of men’s response to particular aspects of women’s appearance and behavior also includes “The Effects of Women’s Cosmetics on Men’s Courtship Behavior,” N. Guéguen, North American Journal of Psychology, vol. 10, no. 1, 2008, pp. 221–8.
Professor Guéguen’s several tipping-related studies includes “The Effect of a Joke on Tipping When It Is Delivered at the Same Time as the Bill,” N. Guéguen, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, vol. 32, 2002, pp. 1955–63.
Early in his career, Professor Guéguen mounted this multi-disciplinary look at tipping: “Effect on Tipping of Barman Drawing a Sun on the Bottom of Customers’ Checks,” Nicolas Guéguen and Patrick Legoherel, Psychological Reports, vol. 87, no. 1, August 2000, pp. 223-6. The authors explain that they:
Investigated whether a drawing of the sun on a restaurant bill increases the number of tips left by clients. The experiment was carried out in bars and involved 177 clients who had ordered an espresso coffee. Analysis shows that the drawing of the sun led clients to leave a tip more frequently than when this drawing was not present. The size of the tip left was also higher. The hypothesis of the creation of a positive frame of mind by this stimulus is discussed.
Professor Guéguen’s fine-grained investigation of men’s response to particular aspects of women’s appearance and behavior include “Women’s Eye Contact and Men’s Later Interest: Two Field Experiments,” N. Guéguen, J. Fischer-Lokou, L. Lefebvre, and L. Lamy, Perceptual and Motor Skills, vol. 106, 2008, pp. 63–6.
Professor Guéguen also researches the effects of ambient music on how much people drink, He has received considerable attention for this study: “Sound Level of Environmental Music and Drinking Behavior: A Field Experiment with Beer Drinkers,” N. Guéguen, C. Jacob, T. Morineau. H. Le Guellec, and M. Lourel, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, vol. 32, no. 10, October 2008, pp. 1795–8.
Professor Guéguen’s “Sound Level of Environmental Music and Drinking Behavior: A Field Experiment with Beer Drinkers “is a follow-up, in some ways, to this earlier study: “Sound Level of Background Music and Alcohol Consumption: An Empirical Evaluation,” N. Guéguen, H. Le Guellec, and C. Jacob, Perceptual and Motor Skills, vol. 99, no. 1, August 2004, pp. 34–8.
Professor Guéguen’s music-and-alcohol studies are by no means his only angle of attack on the general subject of ambient music’s effect on behavior. He was also the driving force behind this study: “Cartoon Music in a Candy Store: A Field Experiment,” H. Le Guellec, N. Guéguen, C. Jacob, and A. Pascual, Psychological Reports, vol. 100, 2007, pp. 1255–8.
Boys Will Be Boys
Research by and for adolescent males of all ages and sexes
compiled by Katherine Lee, Improbable Research staff
What to Do If It Gets “Bigger”
“What to Do If It Gets ‘Bigger’”, C. Kouriefs and N.A. Watkin, Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England, vol. 85, no. 2, March 2003, pp. 126–8. (Thanks to Julia Lunetta for bringing this to our attention.) The authors, who are respectively at Conquest Hospital, Hastings, U.K., and at St George’s Hospital, Tooting, London, report:
‘Anaesthetic erection’ during transurethral surgery is dangerous and should be reversed before proceeding. Adequate anaesthesia should be ensured. Compression of the shaft penis and cooling with application of ice-cold swabs or ethyl chloride spray, should be tried in the first instance. If these measures fail, we propose intracavernosal injection of sympathomimetics as the first-line pharmacological treatment. Inform your anaesthetist... Unresponsive erection is a very good reason for postponing endoscopic procedures.
When Madame Has a Stopwatch
“Serotonin Transporter Promoter Region (5-HTTLPR) Polymorphism is Associated with the Intravaginal Ejaculation Latency Time in Dutch Men with Lifelong Premature Ejaculation,” Journal of Sexual Medicine, Paddy K.C. Janssen, Steven C. Bakker, Janos Réthelyi, Aeilko H. Zwinderman, Daan J. Touw, Berend Olivier, and Marcel D. Waldinger, vol. 6, 2009, pp. 276–84. (Thanks to Betsy Devine for bringing this to our attention.) The authors, variously at Utrecht University in the Netherlands, at Semmelweis University in Budapest, Hungary, at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam in the Netherlands, at Yale University School of Medicine in the U.S., and at HagaHospital Leyenburg in The Hague, the Netherlands, report:
Lifelong premature ejaculation is characterized by persistent intravaginal ejaculation latency times (IELTs) of less than 1 minute, and has been postulated as a neurobiological dysfunction with genetic vulnerability for the short IELTs, related to disturbances of central serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) neurotransmission and 5-HT receptor functioning.
Methods. A prospective study was conducted in 89 Dutch Caucasian men with lifelong premature ejaculation. IELT during coitus was assessed by stopwatch over a 1-month period...
Effects of Underwear on Sexual Activity, in Rats
“Effect of Different Types of Textiles on Sexual Activity. Experimental Study,” Ahmed Shafik, European Urology, vol. 24, no. 3, 1993, pp. 375–80. The author, at Cairo University, Egypt, reports:
The effect of wearing different types of textiles on sexual activity was studied in 75 rats which were divided into five equal groups: four test groups and one control. Each of the four test groups were dressed in one type of textile pants made of either 100% polyester, 50/50% polyester/cotton mix, 100% cotton or 100% wool. Sexual behavior was assessed before and after 6 and 12 months of wearing the pants and 6 months after their removal.... The polyester-containing pants generated electrostatic potentials while the other textiles did not. These potentials seem to induce “electrostatic fields” in the intrapenile structures, which could explain the decrease in the rats’ sexual activity.
Excrement in the Late Middle Ages
Excrement in the Late Middle Ages—Sacred Filth and Chaucer’s Fecopoetics, Susan Signe Morrison, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2008.
Frankfurt on Bullshit
On Bullshit, Harry G. Frankfurt, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2005. The publisher explains:
One of the most salient features of our culture is that there is so much bullshit. Everyone knows this. Each of us contributes his share. But we tend to take the situation for granted.... We have no clear understanding of what bullshit is, why there is so much of it, or what functions it serves. And we lack a conscientiously developed appreciation of what it means to us. In other words, as Harry Frankfurt writes, “we have no theory.” Frankfurt, one of the world’s most influential moral philosophers, attempts to build such a theory here.
Eubanks and Schaeffer on Frankfurt on Bullshit
“A Kind Word for Bullshit: The Problem of Academic Writing,” Philip Eubanks and John D. Schaeffer, College Composition and Communication, vol. 59, no. 3, February 2008, pp. 272–88. (Thanks to Randy A. Riddle for bringing this to our attention.) The authors explain:
In contrast to Harry Frankfurt’s checklist method of definition, we examine ‘bullshit’ as a graded category. We suggest that some varieties of academic bullshit may be both unavoidable and beneficial....
Frequently academic publication aims to create an ethos that will result in tangible rewards for the academic: tenure, promotion, grants, et. The academic knows that such rewards are distributed on the basis of reputation. Such a reputation is gained by publishing books and articles that have been peer reviewed before publication and positively reviewed afterward. Hence professional rewards come from academic reputation, and academic reputation comes from publication. This system seems to make academic publication a particularly rich field for bullshit.
The Nudist Diver and the Anemone
“Picadura de Anémona en Pene” [article in Spanish], J.M. Janeiro Pais, et al., Actas Urológicas Españolas, vol. 32, no. 8, September 2008, p. 864. (Thanks to Erwin Kompanje for bringing this to our attention.) The authors report:
We report the case of a man who 35 years while practicing and performing the Naturist underwater photography to a group of anemones, suffer the bite at the distal end of the penis by one of them.
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Puzzling Solutions
Solution to Last Month’s Puzzler
by Emil Filterbag, Improbable Research staff
With the exception of question 429, questions 426–491 in part C of last month’s puzzler all pertain to the study
“The Apical End of Actinoceras,” Rousseau H. Flower, Journal of Paleontology, vol. 14, no. 5, September 1940, pp. 436–42.
Due to a misprint, question 429 refers to question 429. It should, instead, refer to question 429.
With the exception of the answer to question 429 (for which, see the answer to question 429), the answers are:
QUESTION 426
Rousseau H. Flower
QUESTION 427
Flower
QUESTION 428
Rousseau
QUESTION 429
See the answer to Question 429
QUESTION 430
H.
QUESTION 431
The author, Rousseau H. Flower.
QUESTION 432
It is a study by Rousseau H. Flower.
QUESTION 433
The apical end.
QUESTION 434
It is only the upper left corner.
QUESTION 435
Upside down.
For the answers to questions 436–491 see the answers to questions 436–491.
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| The seven Nobel Laureates at the 2006 Ceremony, preparing themselves mentally to shake hands with the New Ig Nobel Prize winners (who, in this photo, are seated behind them). Photo: Kees Moeliker. |
The 19th First Annual Ig Nobel Prize Ceremony
Thursday evening, October 1, 2009
Sanders Theatre, Harvard University
Tickets go on sale in August • Webcast live
The 2009 crop of Ig Nobel Prize winners will be revealed.
(And join them, too, for the Ig Informal Lectures, at MIT, on Saturday, October 3.)
Details at www.improbable.com/ig
Soft Is Hard
Further evidence why the “soft” sciences are the hardest to do well
compiled by Alice Shirrell Kaswell and Bissell Mango, Improbable Research staff
First Names and Disruption
“Boys Named Sue: Disruptive Children and Their Peers,” David Figlio, Education, Finance and Policy, vol. 2, no. 4, 2007, pp. 376–94. The author, at the University of Florida, explains:
I propose an unusual identification strategy to estimate the effects of disruptive students on peer behavior and academic outcomes. I suggest that boys with names most commonly given to girls may be more prone to misbehavior as they get older.... The data bear this out.
First Names and Crime
“First Names and Crime: Does Unpopularity Spell Trouble?” David E. Kalist and Daniel Y. Lee, Social Science Quarterly, vol. 90, no. 1, March 2009, pp. 39–49. (Thanks to Julia Lunetta for bringing this to our attention.) The authors, at Shippensburg University in Pennsylvania, report:
We investigate the relationship between first name popularity and juvenile delinquency to test the hypothesis that unpopular names are positively correlated with crime....
The following is a list of select names and their respective PNI [Popular-Names Index]: Matthew, 76; Christopher, 64; Ryan, 49; Brian, 30; Richard, 20; Charles, 16; Luke, 5; Walter, 2; and Garland, 0.06.
Our results show that unpopular names are positively correlated with juvenile delinquency for both blacks and whites.
Lots of TVs Correlates with Lots of TV
“Characteristics Associated With Older Adolescents Who Have a Television in Their Bedrooms,” Daheia J. Barr-Anderson, Patricia van den Berg, Dianne Neumark-Sztainer, and Mary Story, Pediatrics, vol. 121, no. 4, April 2008, pp. 718–24, DOI:10.1542/peds.2007-1546. (Thanks to Brechtje Daams for bringing this to our attention.) The authors, at the University of Minnesota, report:
Twice as many youths with a television in their bedroom were heavy television users (watched >5 hours/day), compared with youths without a television in their bedroom (16% vs. 8%).
Looks Like Success
“The Face of Success: Inferences From Chief Executive Officers’ Appearance Predict Company Profits,” N.O. Rule and N. Ambady, Psychological Science, vol. 19, no. 2, 2008, pp. 109–11, DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02054.x. The authors, at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts, explain in a related press release:
Using photographs of the highest and lowest ranked Fortune 1000 companies’ CEOs, psychologists Nicholas Rule and Nalini Ambady quizzed ordinary college students to determine which of the pictured faces were characteristic of a leader.
Without knowledge of the pictured individuals’ job titles, and by rating the faces on competence, dominance, likeability, facial maturity and trustworthiness, the students were able to distinguish between the successful and the not-so-successful CEOs.
Despite the ambiguity of the images, which were cropped to the face, put into grayscale and standardized in size, ratings of power- and leadership-related traits from CEOs’ faces were significantly related to company profits.
The Hotness of Profs (2004)
“Web-based Student Evaluation of Professors: The Relations Between Perceived Quality, Easiness and Sexiness,” James Felton, John Mitchell and Michael Stinson, Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, vol. 29, no. 1, 2004, pp. 91–108.
The Hotness of Profs (2006)
“Attractiveness, Easiness, and Other Issues: Student Evaluations of Professors on RateMyProfessors.com,” James Felton, Peter T. Koper, John Mitchell and Michael Stinson, SSRN Working Paper #918283, July 2006. (Thanks to Toby Sommer for bringing this to our attention.) The authors, at Central Michigan University, report:
Felton, Mitchell and Stinson (2004) reported that web-based student evaluations of teaching (SET) demonstrated a student preference for course easiness and instructor sexiness. This study explores these same relationships with a larger and improved database. Results indicate even stronger relationships than previously reported. In addition, this study demonstrates significant cultural differences by institution and discipline in the relationships between quality, easiness, and hotness in web-based SET.
Three Nasal Narratives at the Origins of Psychoanalysis
“The Psychoanalysts’ Nose— Sigmund Freud, Wilhelm Fliess, and Emma Eckstein: Three Nasal Narratives at the Origins of Psychoanalysis,” Annick Le Guerer, Psychoanalytic Review, vol. 88, no. 3, June 2001, 401–53.
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The Gluttony Diet!
We all love to eat—especially if we get to eat our favorite foods.
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Annals of Improbable Research
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Northeastern U.
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“When all other contingencies fail, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth.”—Sherlock Holmes
“Science is the belief in the ignorance of experts.”—Richard Feynman
Annals of Improbable Research Editorial Board
Anthropology
Jonathan Marks, U. North Carolina
Archaeology
Angela E. Close, U. Washington
Astrochemistry
Scott Sandford, NASA/Ames
Astronomy
Robert Kirshner, Harvard U.
Jay M. Pasachoff, Williams Coll.
Eric Schulman, Alexandria, Virginia
David Slavsky. Loyola U., Chicago
Biochemistry
Edwin Krebs*, U. Washington
Biology
Dany Adams, Tufts U.
Lawrence Dill*******, Simon Fraser U.
Biomaterials
Alan S. Litsky, Ohio State U.
Biophysics
Leonard X. Finegold, Drexel U.
Biotechnology
A. Stephen Dahms, Alfred E. Mann Foundation
Bureaucracy
Miriam Bloom, SciWrite, Jackson, MS
Cardiology
Thomas Michel*****, Harvard Med. School
Chemistry
Dudley Herschbach*, Harvard U.
William Lipscomb*, Harvard U.
Computer Science
Dennis Frailey, Texas Instruments, Plano, TX
Robert T. Morris***, MIT
Margo Seltzer, Harvard U.
Economics
Ernst W. Stromsdorfer, Washington St. U.
Engineering
Dean Kamen, DEKA Research
Food Research
Massimo Marcone, U. of Guelph
Forensic Biology & Criminalistics
Mark Benecke, Int’l Forensic Res., Köln
Functional Biology & Morphology
Frank Fish, West Chester U.
Rebecca German, Johns Hopkins U.
Richard Wassersug*******, Dalhousie U.
Genetics
Michael Hengartner, U. of Zürich
Geology
John C. Holden, Omak, WA
John Splettstoesser, Waconia, MN
History of Science & Medicine
Tim Healey, Barnsley, England
Immunology
Falk Fish, Orgenics, Ltd., Yavne, Israel
Infectious Diseases
James Michel*****, Harvard U.
Intelligence
Marilyn Vos Savant**, New York, NY
Law
William J. Maloney, New York, NY
Ronald A. May, Little Rock, AR
Library & Info Sciences
Regina Reynolds, Library of Congress
George Valas, Budapest, Hungary
Norman D. Stevens, U. of Connecticut
Materials Science
Robert M. Rose, MIT
Medical Ethics
Erwin J.O. Kompanje, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam
Methodology
Rod Levine, National Insts of Health
Molecular Biology
Walter Gilbert*, Harvard U.
Richard Roberts*, New England Biolabs
Molecular Pharmacology
Lloyd Fricker, Einstein Coll. of Medicine
Neuroengineering
Jerome Lettvin, MIT
Neurology
Thomas D. Sabin, Tufts U.
Nutrition
Brian Wansink*******, Cornell U.
Ornithology
Kees Moeliker*******, Natuurhistorisch Museum Rotterdam
Obstetrics & Gynecology
Pek van Andel*******, Medical Faculty Groningen, The Netherlands
Eberhard W. Lisse, Swakopmund State Hospital, Namibia
Orthopedic Surgery
Glenn R. Johnson, Bemidji, MN
Paleontology
Sally Shelton, Museum of Geology, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology
Earle Spamer, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA
Parasitology
Wendy Cooper, Australian Pest & Vet. Med. Auth.
Pediatrics
Ronald M. Mack, Bowman Gray School of Med.
Pharmacology
Stanton G. Kimmel, Normal, OK
Philosophy
George Englebretson, Bishop’s U., Quebec
Physics
Len Fisher*******, Bristol U., UK
Jerome Friedman*, MIT
Sheldon Glashow*, Boston U.
Karl Kruszelnicki*******, U. Sydney
Harry Lipkin, Weizmann Inst.
Douglas Osheroff*, Stanford U.
Frank Wilczek*, MIT
Political Science
Richard G. Neimi****, Rochester, NY
Psychiatry and Neurology
Robert Hoffman, Daly City, CA
Psychology
Dan Ariely*******, Duke U
Louis G. Lippman, Western Wash. U.
G. Neil Martin, Middlesex U., UK
Chris McManus*******, University Coll. London
Neil J. Salkind, U. of Kansas
Pulmonary Medicine
Traian Mihaescu, Iasi, Romania
Science Policy
Al Teich, American Assn for the Advancement of Science
Stochastic Processes
(selected at random from amongst our subscribers)
Georgios Ouzounis, Alexandroupoli, Greece
Women's Health
Andrea Dunaif, Northwestern U.
JoAnn Manson, Brigham & Women's Hosp.
A Guide to the Stars
* Nobel Laureate
** world’s highest IQ
*** convicted felon
**** misspelled
***** sibling rivalry
****** six stars
******* Ig Nobel Winner
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ISSN 1079-5146 print / 1935-6862 online Volume 15, Number 2 March–April 2009
Annals of Improbable Research
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ISSN 1079-5146 print / 1935-6862 online
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